CdSe/ZnS quantum dots as a booster in the active layer of distributed ternary organic photovoltaics

• Gabriela Lewińska,
• Piotr Jeleń,
• Zofia Kucia,
• Maciej Sitarz,
• Łukasz Walczak,
• Bartłomiej Szafraniak,
• Jerzy Sanetra and
• Konstanty W. Marszalek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 144–156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.14

• were applied to gold foils. A system equipped with a Solartron 1260A frequency response analyzer, a Solartron 1296A dielectric interface, and a supervisory computer was prepared to determine the impedance parameters of the obtained structures. The impedance characteristics of the obtained samples were

Enhanced feedback performance in off-resonance AFM modes through pulse train sampling

• Mustafa Kangül,
• Navid Asmari,
• Santiago H. Andany,
• Marcos Penedo and
• Georg E. Fantner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 134–143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.13

• File 1, Figure S1A). In order to investigate the frequency response of the feedback controller, we define the closed-loop transfer function between error, E(s), and disturbance, D(s), in the Laplace domain as in Equation 2, where Tort, Tdelay, Ki denote the ORT period, the delay, and the integral gain

• traditional ORT one, we measured the frequency response of error over disturbance in a unity feedback closed loop (see Supporting Information File 1, Section 2 for the illustration of the experimental setup). Experimental results shown in Figure 2D demonstrate that the pulse sampling method rejects the

Measurements of dichroic bow-tie antenna arrays with integrated cold-electron bolometers using YBCO oscillators

• Leonid S. Revin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Viktor O. Zbrozhek,
• Andrey V. Samartsev,
• Anastasia N. Orlova,
• Dmitry V. Masterov,
• Alexey E. Parafin,
• Victoria Yu. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Andrey L. Pankratov,
• Leonid S. Kuzmin,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko,
• Silvia Masi and
• Paolo de Bernardis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 26–36, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.3

• single SIN tunnel junction. The frequency response of the receiving matrix channel was calculated by summing up the power absorbed in each active resistance of the receiving element. In the course of the work, the frequency response of the dipole antenna matrix with integrated CEBs was optimized by means

• of the antenna array is 340 µm in both directions for 210 and 240 GHz channels. The frequency response of the two-frequency receiving matrix with a Si substrate thickness of 260 µm is shown in Figure 2 (solid curves). To compare the calculated response with the experimental results, we also added

• curves for a Si substrate thickness of 290 µm (dashed curves). As a result of frequency response optimizations, the following characteristics were obtained: The bandwidth for the 210 GHz channel at half power level is 25.46 GHz, and the maximum absorption occurs at a frequency of 212.1 GHz; the bandwidth

Dual-heterodyne Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Fatima Husainy,
• Dmitry Aldakov and
• Cyril Aumaître

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1068–1084, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.88

• ]). Each of these approaches have advantages and disadvantages. Intensity-modulated KPFM implementation is straightforward, since it simply consists in analysing the frequency response of the time-average CPD under modulated illumination. Nevertheless, it is prone to capacitive artefacts [15]. Accurate

A wearable nanoscale heart sound sensor based on P(VDF-TrFE)/ZnO/GR and its application in cardiac disease detection

• Yi Luo,
• Jian Liu,
• Jiachang Zhang,
• Yu Xiao,
• Ying Wu and
• Zhidong Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 819–833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.67

• developed in this study has a wide frequency response range, with excellent acoustic-electric response performance in the frequency range of 20 Hz (the first test point) to 200 Hz (the sixth test point), satisfying the frequency response requirements of a heart sound sensor. Figure 13 illustrates the open

Humidity-dependent electrical performance of CuO nanowire networks studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

• Jelena Kosmaca,
• Juris Katkevics,
• Jana Andzane,
• Raitis Sondors,
• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Kiryl Niherysh,
• Yelyzaveta Rublova and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 683–691, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.54

• measurements, the sample was stored in air atmosphere at RH 20%. The spectra were analysed using a complex plane Nyquist plot. The spectra were first fitted using the “Find circle” tool, and the equivalent electrical circuit was derived. Then the impedance element values were found using frequency response

Nonlinear features of the superconductor–ferromagnet–superconductor φ₀ Josephson junction in the ferromagnetic resonance region

• Aliasghar Janalizadeh,
• Ilhom R. Rahmonov,
• Sara A. Abdelmoneim,
• Yury M. Shukrinov and
• Mohammad R. Kolahchi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1155–1166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.97

• characteristics. The generated current I0 can be expressed through the amplitude of my and the SOI parameter r, with (ωJ) being the frequency response of my. At small model parameters α ≪ Gr ≪ 1 of a superconductor-ferromagnet-superconductor (SFS) φ0 Josephson junction, states with a negative differential

• will have the full dynamics once we consider the coupling with the Josephson equation, The system of Equation 18 and Equation 19 can replace the LLGJ equations in the limit of G, r ≪ 1 and G, r ≪ α. Taking into account φ = ωJt we can write the analytically obtained frequency response for Equation 18

Comparing the performance of single and multifrequency Kelvin probe force microscopy techniques in air and water

• Jason I. Kilpatrick,
• Emrullah Kargin and
• Brian J. Rodriguez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 922–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.82

• the various KPFM modes, we consider the conventional condition where the minimum detectable CPD, is defined as the conditions under which SNR = 1 [2][53][56][57][58][59]. For AM-KPFM we can solve the general equation for a single frequency response at ωe, where the noise due to the cantilever and AFM

• leading to artefacts in the measurements. For multifrequency techniques, this nonlinear motion of the cantilever due to tapping the surface can induce motion of the lever at higher harmonics and distort the frequency response characteristics of the system [104][105][106]. Under large amplitude conditions

• various KPFM modes, we consider the conventional condition where the minimum detectable CPD, is defined as the condition under which SNR = 1 [2][53][56][57][58][59]. For AM-KPFM we can solve the general equation for a single-frequency response at ωe for VCPD. By substituting Equation 8 into Equation 10

Numerical modeling of a multi-frequency receiving system based on an array of dipole antennas for LSPE-SWIPE

• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Dmitrii A. Pimanov,
• Ekaterina A. Matrozova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Andrey L. Pankratov and
• Leonid S. Kuzmin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 865–872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.77

• Large Scale Polarization Explorer-Short-Wavelength Instrument for the Polarization Explorer (LSPE-SWIPE) back-to-back horn. These results are used for calculating the frequency response of arrays of planar dipole antennas with cold-electron bolometers for 145, 210, and 240 GHz frequencies. For the main

• the operating frequency range. For correct numerical modeling of the frequency response of the receiving system, it is necessary to know the distribution of the field of the incident wave on the matrix of receiving cells. The most consistent would be modeling a back-to-back horn irradiated by a plane

• be used to calculate the frequency response of antenna arrays with integrated bolometers for the main and auxiliary frequency channels of the LSPE-SWIPE. Calculation of the frequency response of a planar antenna matrix with integrated cold-electron bolometers The frequency response of the receiving

Cantilever signature of tip detachment during contact resonance AFM

• Devin Kalafut,
• Ryan Wagner,
• Maria Jose Cadena,
• Anil Bajaj and
• Arvind Raman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1286–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.96

• can be improved by increasing the magnitude of the drive amplitude. However, clear limits on the maximum drive amplitude are insufficiently defined by prior analysis. Moderate drive amplitudes can already result in observance of nonlinearity in the frequency response [20][21][22][23], but the most

Open-loop amplitude-modulation Kelvin probe force microscopy operated in single-pass PeakForce tapping mode

• Gheorghe Stan and
• Pradeep Namboodiri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1115–1126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.83

• operation on either an AM or FM modulation have been demonstrated [34][35][36]. They incorporate a direct measurement of either the amplitude or frequency response of the AFM probe to an applied single-frequency bias modulation. Furthermore, multi-frequency operations of OL KPFM were introduced as band

A Au/CuNiCoS₄/p-Si photodiode: electrical and morphological characterization

• Adem Koçyiğit,
• Adem Sarılmaz,
• Teoman Öztürk,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Murat Yıldırım

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 984–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.74

• candidate for optoelectronic applications [35]. The fabricated Au/CuNiCoS4/p-Si photodiode was studied with C–V and G–V measurements to understand the frequency response and obtain some other electrical parameters. The C–V graphs of the Au/CuNiCoS4/p-Si photodiode are given in Figure 9 for the frequency

The patterning toolbox FIB-o-mat: Exploiting the full potential of focused helium ions for nanofabrication

• Victor Deinhart,
• Lisa-Marie Kern,
• Jan N. Kirchhof,
• Sabrina Juergensen,
• Joris Sturm,
• Enno Krauss,
• Thorsten Feichtner,
• Sviatoslav Kovalchuk,
• Michael Schneider,
• Dieter Engel,
• Bastian Pfau,
• Bert Hecht,
• Kirill I. Bolotin,
• Stephanie Reich and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 304–318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.25

The nanomorphology of cell surfaces of adhered osteoblasts

• Christian Voelkner,
• Mirco Wendt,
• Regina Lange,
• Max Ulbrich,
• Martina Gruening,
• Susanne Staehlke,
• Barbara Nebe,
• Ingo Barke and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 242–256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.20

• ruffles moving beneath the pipette opening. Slightly higher rms amplitudes may also be due to different temperature because fixed cells are measured at room temperature, while live-cell imaging is carried out at 37 °C. Frequency response behavior Owing to the fact that morphological changes at the cell

Design of V-shaped cantilevers for enhanced multifrequency AFM measurements

• Mehrnoosh Damircheli and
• Babak Eslami

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1525–1541, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.135

• interacting with Au and PS. In order to accurately calculate the resonance frequency and quality factors of each eigenmode for the V-shaped cantilevers, their frequency response curves are captured experimentally. By performing frequency sweep curves experimentally for both of the V-shaped cantilevers, the

• versus frequency response: (a) 1st eigenmode frequency tune curve of the long V-shaped cantilever, (b) 1st eigenmode frequency tune curve of the short V-shaped cantilever, (c) 2nd eigenmode frequency tune curve of the long V-shaped cantilever and (d) 2nd eigenmode frequency tune curve of the short V

Vibration analysis and pull-in instability behavior in a multiwalled piezoelectric nanosensor with fluid flow conveyance

• Sayyid H. Hashemi Kachapi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1072–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.92

• surface/interface density plays an important role in analysis of natural frequency and nonlinear frequency response). It is observed that for all modes, the DNF decreases when the L/R1 ratio increases. Also, the DNF for mode 3 is higher than that for modes 1 and 2. It is clear from this figure that in the

Current measurements in the intermittent-contact mode of atomic force microscopy using the Fourier method: a feasibility analysis

• Berkin Uluutku and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 453–465, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.37

• cantilever response near the fundamental frequency [20]. Similarly, bimodal AFM, which involves the excitation of the cantilever at two frequencies, also uses lock-in amplifiers or phase-locked loops to control or observe each frequency response [24][25]. More elaborate Fourier analysis techniques have also

Nonclassical dynamic modeling of nano/microparticles during nanomanipulation processes

• Moharam Habibnejad Korayem,
• Ali Asghar Farid and
• Rouzbeh Nouhi Hefzabad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 147–166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.13

• the amplitude of the free vibrations of the cantilever showed the importance of including size effects in modeling. Also, stability analysis and frequency response of the microscope in the classical and nonclassical models were investigated. The results showed that considering size effects has a

A review of demodulation techniques for multifrequency atomic force microscopy

• David M. Harcombe,
• Michael G. Ruppert and
• Andrew J. Fleming

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 76–91, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.8

• for the direct design of the demodulator frequency response [37][38]. This article aims to provide a rigorous experimental comparison of MF-AFM demodulation techniques. This includes the conventional lock-in amplifier and coherent demodulator, as well as the recently proposed Kalman filter, Lyapunov

• visualized in Figure 2. It can be evaluated by where G(2πf) is the demodulator frequency response. Additionally, implementation complexity is qualitatively discussed. It is assessed according to the maximum achievable sampling rate, timing requirements and computational scalability when modeling additional

• implementation of this method is still challenging. The discrete-time integration in Equation 10 yields a very useful finite impulse response (FIR) filter, the frequency response of which is a sinc(·) function with zeros occurring at integer multiples of the oscillation frequency [28]. Unlike the lock-in

Direct growth of few-layer graphene on AlN-based resonators for high-sensitivity gravimetric biosensors

• Jimena Olivares,
• Teona Mirea,
• Lorena Gordillo-Dagallier,
• Bruno Marco,
• José Miguel Escolano,
• Marta Clement and
• Enrique Iborra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 975–984, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.98

• the entire graphene integration process in the same device. The frequency response of a typical device, shown in Figure 3, suggests that the integration of graphene does not significantly degrade the performance of the SMRs; the resonant frequency is reduced by only 25 MHz while the coupling factor

• were exposed to the different solutions by circulating the liquids containing the reagents with the aid of the peristaltic pump while the frequency response of the resonator was continuously recorded. Figure 6 shows the time evolution of the resonant frequency of a resonator subjected to the above

In situ AFM visualization of Li–O₂ battery discharge products during redox cycling in an atmospherically controlled sample cell

• Kumar Virwani,
• Younes Ansari,
• Khanh Nguyen,
• Francisco José Alía Moreno-Ortiz,
• Jangwoo Kim,
• Maxwell J. Giammona,
• Ho-Cheol Kim and
• Young-Hye La

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 930–940, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.94

• every 10th scan thus allowing correlation of time-domain information with cell voltage and capacity. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) EIS [34] was employed to measure the impedance of the AFM electrochemical system over the range of frequencies between 1 MHz and 100 mHz. This frequency

• response of the system was used to characterize the cell impedance at different stages of cycling [35]. The unique cell, enclosure and glove box design permitted the study of the changes in EIS properties [36] of the electrochemical system before and after oxygenation of the electrolyte in contrast to

Nanoantenna structures for the detection of phonons in nanocrystals

• Alexander G. Milekhin,
• Sergei A. Kuznetsov,
• Ilya A. Milekhin,
• Larisa L. Sveshnikova,
• Tatyana A. Duda,
• Ekaterina E. Rodyakina,
• Alexander V. Latyshev,
• Volodymyr M. Dzhagan and
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2646–2656, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.246

• structure, while a Drude model with linear plasma and damping frequencies of 72,500 cm−1 and 216 cm−1, respectively, was applied to correctly describe the frequency response of gold [12]. To avoid undesirable computational effects arising from wave interference in the Si wafer of finite thickness, the Si

Electrospun one-dimensional nanostructures: a new horizon for gas sensing materials

• Muhammad Imran,
• Nunzio Motta and
• Mahnaz Shafiei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2128–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.202

Quantitative comparison of wideband low-latency phase-locked loop circuit designs for high-speed frequency modulation atomic force microscopy

• Kazuki Miyata and
• Takeshi Fukuma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1844–1855, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.176

• delays of these filters). PLL performance measurements The amplitude and phase curves of the implemented PLLs were measured using the commercially available frequency response analyser (FRA5097, NF). The waveforms depicted below in Figure 6 were obtained using the commercially available oscilloscope

• other components in the cantilever excitation loop such as the ADC/DAC, cantilever, cantilever excitation unit, and cantilever deflection sensor. The demodulated signal is output from the DAC and analyzed by an external frequency response analyzer. We used f0 values of 150 kHz and 3 MHz, which are

• the FPGA to enable measurement of the frequency response of the PLL itself. In the measurements, we modulated the phase to induce Δω. This method perfectly reproduces what happens in actual FM-AFM experiments, in which the tip–sample interaction force first induces a phase shift of the cantilever

Electrostatically actuated encased cantilevers

• Benoit X. E. Desbiolles,
• Gabriela Furlan,
• Adam M. Schwartzberg,
• Paul D. Ashby and
• Dominik Ziegler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1381–1389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.130

• actuating the cantilever results in a frequency response free of spurious peaks. We analyze static, harmonic, and sub-harmonic actuation modes. Sub-harmonic mode results in stable amplitudes unaffected by potential offsets or fluctuations of the electrical surface potential. We present a simple plate

• into the cantilever holder of the microscope. This technique is simple and effective, but it typically results in spurious peaks in the frequency response spectrum that are not directly related to the cantilever resonance. The origin of this so-called “forest of peaks” is attributed to mechanical